The Benefits of Alcohol

The Benefits of Alcohol

Journal Articles and Book Chapters

next: The Implications and Limitations of Genetic Models of Alcoholism and Other Addictions
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APA Reference
Staff, H. (2008, December 13). The Benefits of Alcohol, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2024, May 19 from https://www.healthyplace.com/addictions/articles/the-benefits-of-alcohol

Last Updated: June 28, 2016

Self-Medication of a Mental Health Problem

Dual diagnosis is the relationship between substance abuse and mental illness; where people self-medicate using drugs or alcohol to cope with their psychiatric disorder.

Using Drugs or Alcohol to Mask the Symptoms of a Mood Disorder or other Psychiatric Condition

Dual diagnosis is the relationship between substance abuse and mental illness; where people use drugs or alcohol to cope with their psychiatric disorder.Sometimes people may use alcohol or use drugs to help cover up or mask symptoms of a mood disorder. For example, if a person's mind is racing because of mania, a drink of alcohol may slow it down. If a person has intense sadness or hopelessness because of depression, a drug may help him or her feel happy or hopeful for a period of time. This "self-medication" may appear to help, but it actually makes things worse. After the temporary effects of the alcohol or drugs wear off, a person's symptoms are often worse than ever. Self-medication can cause a person's mood disorder to stay undiagnosed for a long time.

To get better, someone with a dual diagnosis must treat both conditions. First, the person must go for a period of time without using alcohol or drugs. This is called detoxification. The next step is rehabilitation for the substance problem and treatment for the mental disorder. This step might include medicines, support groups and talk therapy.

Sources:

  • Depression Bipolar Support Alliance

next: How to Treat Coexistent Mental Illness and Substance Abuse
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APA Reference
Gluck, S. (2008, December 13). Self-Medication of a Mental Health Problem, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2024, May 19 from https://www.healthyplace.com/addictions/articles/self-medication-of-mental-health-problem

Last Updated: June 28, 2016

Dr. Kimberly Young's Biography

Dr. Kimberly Young
Founder and President of the Center for Internet Addiction Recovery

Dr. Kimberly Young is an internationally known expert on Internet addiction and online behavior. Founded in 1995, she serves as the director of the Center for Internet Addiction Recovery and travels nationally conducting seminars on the impact of the Internet. She is the author of Caught in the Net, the first book to address Internet addiction, translated in six languages, Tangled in the Web, and her most recent, Breaking Free of the Web: Catholics and Internet addiction. She is a professor at St. Bonaventure University and has published over 40 articles on the impact of online abuse. Her work has been featured in media outlets such as The New York Times, The London Times, USA Today, Newsweek, Time, CBS News, Fox News, Good Morning America, and ABC's World News Tonight. In 2001 and 2004, she received the Psychology in the Media Award from the Pennsylvania Psychological Association and in 2000 she received the Alumni Ambassador of the Year Award for Outstanding Achievement from Indiana University at Pennsylvania.

She has served as an expert witness regarding her pioneer research including the Child Online Protection Act Congressional Commission. She has been an invited lecturer at dozens of universities and conferences including the European Union of Health and Medicine in Norway and the First International Congress on Internet Addiction in Zurich. Dr. Young serves on the editorial board of CyberPsychology & Behavior and the International Journal of Cyber Crime and Criminal Justice and is a member of the American Psychological Association, the Pennsylvania Psychological Association, and a founding member of the International Society of Mental Health Online.

Dr. Young's recent work includes:

  • How to treat cybersexual addictions.

  • The impact of cyberaffairs on couples and how to use marital therapy to save their relationships.

  • How human resource managers and EAPs can prevent Internet misuse in the workplace.

  • How colleges can prevent Internet abuse among students.

  • The influence of Cyberporn on young children and teenagers.

  • The development of Internet Safety Programs designed for educators, librarians, and parents to protect children from unwanted advances of cyber-predators and to minimize the risk of inadvertently viewing on-line pornography.



next: Publications: Dr. Kimberly Young
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APA Reference
Staff, H. (2008, December 13). Dr. Kimberly Young's Biography, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2024, May 19 from https://www.healthyplace.com/addictions/center-for-internet-addiction-recovery/biography-of-dr-kimberly-young

Last Updated: June 24, 2016

Contact Dr. Kimberly Young

Media Interview Requests

Help with an addicted Family Member

To arrange a Speaking Engagement

Copyright Permission Requests

Contact Information

MEDIA INTERVIEW REQUESTS:

If possible, EMAIL interviews are preferred for newsprint outlets, however phone interviews can be arranged. For radio or television interviews, please contact Dr. Kimberly Young by phone at 814-451-2405 to arrange interview time and date.

REQUESTS FOR LOCAL REFERRALS:

If you are an individual or clinic searching for help (therapists or clinics) in your local area, please refer to our referral links at http://www.netaddiction.com. We keep these listings up-to-date and specify the location of available resources by city and state. If you know of local services specializing in Internet/Computer

FOR HELP WITH AN ADDICTED FAMILY MEMBER:

Our Virtual Clinic is specially designed to help family members, such as a spouse or parent, to deal with an on-line addict in your home. Caring, confidential, and professional help is available directly with Dr. Kimberly Young, Director of the Center for On-Line Addiction. Email, Internet Chat, and Telephone sessions are available.

WORKSHOPS IN YOUR LOCAL AREA:

If you are an individual or clinic interested in workshops in your local area, contact us here.

TO ARRANGE A SPEAKING ENGAGEMENT:

If you would like to arrange a speaking engagement for your organization, please contact: Theo Moll at Keppler Associates by phone at 703-516-4000 or by email at tcm@kepplerassociates.com for rate and availability information.

COPYRIGHT PERMISSION REQUESTS:

To request permission to reproduce material contained on the site, please send a written request that specifies the exact content you are interested in using and your intention for publication (e.g., the nature of the study or other purpose). Include the date and your signature and provide space for the author's permission signature. Address signed requests to the attention of Dr. Kimberly Young and send the request in duplicate with a self-addressed stamped envelope. One copy will be returned for your records and the other copy will be kept on file for our records. Our mailing address is: P.O. Box 72, Bradford, PA 16701.

CONTACT OUR OFFICE:

Center for Internet Addiction Recovery
P.O. Box 72
Bradford, PA 16701
814-451-2405 phone
814-368-9560 fax
email us



next: Why is there a controversy over Internet Addiction?
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APA Reference
Staff, H. (2008, December 13). Contact Dr. Kimberly Young, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2024, May 19 from https://www.healthyplace.com/addictions/center-for-internet-addiction-recovery/contact-center-for-internet-addiction-recovery

Last Updated: June 24, 2016

Cybersex and Infidelity Online: Implications for Evaluation and Treatment

Research into explanations of infidelity online, how to detect a cyberaffair, and rebuilding marital trust after a cyberaffair.

by Kimberly S. Young, James O'Mara, and Jennifer Buchanan

Paper Published in Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity, 7(10, 59-74, 2000

Abstract

Prior research has examined how marital relationships can result in separation and divorce due to Internet addiction. This paper examines how the ability to form romantic and sexual relationships over the Internet that can result in marital separation and possible divorce. The ACE Model (Anonymity, Convenience, Escape) of Cybersexual Addiction provides a workable framework to help explain the underlying cyber-cultural issues increasing the risk of virtual adultery. Finally, the paper outlines specific interventions that focus on strategies for rebuilding trust after a cyberaffair, ways to improve marital communication, and finally how to educate couples on ways to continue commitment.

Introduction

Recent research has explored the existence and extent of pathological Internet use (Brenner, 1997; Griffiths, 1996 & 1997; Morahan-Martin, 1997; Scherer, 1997; Young, 1997a, 1997b, 1998a, 1998b, 1999) which has resulted in significant social, academic, and occupational impairment. In particular, aspects of this research (Griffiths, 1997; Young, 1998a, 1998b, 1999a) and prior research on computer addiction (Shotton, 1991) has observed that computer and/or Internet dependent users gradually spent less time with real people in their lives in exchange for solitary time in front of a computer. Young (1998a) found that serious relationship problems were reported by fifty-three percent of the 396 case studies of Internet addicts interviewed, with marriages and intimate dating relationships most disrupted due to cyberaffairs and online sexual compulsivity.

Cyberaffairs are generally defined as any romantic or sexual relationship initiated via online communication, predominantly electronic conversations that occur in virtual communities such as chat rooms, interactive games, or newsgroups (Young, 1999a). A Cyberaffair can either be a continuous relationship specific to one online user or a series of random erotic chat room encounters with multiple online users. Virtual adultery can look like Internet addiction as the increasing amounts of time utilizing the computer. Meanwhile, the person is addicted to the can online lover only to display compulsive behavior towards the utilization of the Internet as a means to meet and chat with a new found love.

Infidelity online has accounted for a growing trend in divorce cases according to the President of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers (Quittner, 1997). However, the nature and scope of marital dissolution caused by such virtual infidelity has been greatly underestimated due to the Internet's current popularity as an technological advancement (Young, 1997a). Furthermore, healthcare professionals, especially marital and family therapist who are most like to deal with such couples, are often unfamiliar with the dynamics associated with relatively new concept of cyberaffairs and the electronic process of virtual-based "cheating". Therefore, this paper utilizes Young's ACE Model of Cybersexual Addiction (1999b) to understand the underlying motivation of infidelity online and outlines specific treatment strategies in working with such couples.

Potential Explanations of Infidelity Online

It is hard to image that a husband who would never walk into an adult bookstore could download online pornography or a wife who would never pick up the telephone to dial a 900-number could engage erotic chat or phone sex with men she met online. It is equally difficult to understand how stable marriages of 15, 20, or 25 years end because of a three or four-month old cyberaffair. Yet, these are typical scenarios plaguing many couples today.

In order to understand the increased incidence of infidelity online, this paper applies the ACE Model of Cybersexual Addiction to explain how cyberspace creates a cultural climate of permissiveness that actually serves to encourage and validate sexually adulterous and promiscuous online behavior (Young, 1999b). The ACE Model examines three variables, anonymity, convenience, and escape that lead to virtual adultery.

First, the anonymity of electronic transactions allows users to secretly engage in erotic chats without the fear of being caught by a spouse. Anonymity provides the user with a greater sense of perceived control over the content, tone, and nature of the online experience. Online experiences often occur in the privacy of one's home, office, or bedroom, facilitating the perception of anonymity and that Internet use is personal and untraceable. Cyberaffairs are initiated via online communication (Young, 1999a) and typically begin in chat room setting allowing users to talk in real-time by typing messages to each other through "screen names" or "handles." Messages can either appear in the public forum for the entire room to read or an "instant message" can be sent privately to a single member of the room. The anonymity associated with electronic communication allows users to feel more open and frank in talking with other users. Anonymity also allows an online user to feel comfortable without needing to look for signs of insincerity or judgment in their facial expression, as would be true in real life. The privacy of cyberspace enables a person to share intimate feelings often reserved for a significant other that may open the door to a potential cyberaffair. Soon typed messages passing along the computer screen carry with them emotional significance that often precedes more erotic dialogue between online friends, which may blossom into virtual adultery.




Second, the convenience of interactive online applications such as ICQ, chat rooms, newsgroups, or role-playing games provides a convenient vehicle to meet others and their proliferation makes for easy access for a curious person's initial exploration. What starts off as a simple email exchange or an innocent chat room encounter can quickly escalate into an intense and passionate cyberaffair that leads to secret phone calls and sexy real-life meetings. Or a curious husband or wife may secretly step into one of many rooms designed for martial infidelity with titles such as the MarriedM4Affair, Cheating Wife, or Lonely Husband, only to be shocked at the permissiveness of others engaged in virtual adultery. A husband who lives in New York considers it harmless to flirt with a woman who lives in Australia. A wife rationalizes that having cybersex isn't really cheating because of the lack of physical contact. Soon, a once loving husband suddenly becomes evasive and demands his privacy when online or a once warm and compassionate wife and mother turns towards the computer instead of caring for her children. In the end, a harmless cyber-romp spells trouble as a spouse may leave a once long term and stable marriage because of someone they just met over the Internet.

Many people falsely assume that the primary reinforcement to engage in adultery is the sexual gratification received from the online sexual act. Studies have shown the experience itself is reinforced through a type of drug "high" that provides an emotional or mental escape and serves to reinforce the behavior leading to compulsivity (Young, 1997, 1998a, 1998b). A lonely wife in an empty marriage can escape into a chat room where she is desired by her many cyber-partners. A sexually insecure husband can transform into a hot cyberlover that all the women in the chat room fight over. While sexual fulfillment may provide the initial reinforcement, the more potent reinforcement is the ability to cultivate a subjective fantasy world whereby the online can escape the stresses and strains of real life. The courts have already argued the role of online compulsivity as a mental disorder in the defense of online sexual deviancy cases. For example, one landmark case, the United States versus McBroom, successfully demonstrated that the client's downloading, viewing, and transferring of Internet pornography was less about erotic gratification and more about an emotional escape mechanism to relieve mental tension.

Implications for Marital Therapy

While the ACE Model of Cybersexual Addiction provides a workable framework to understand the cyberspace climate that serves to encourage and validate the cyberaffair, clinicians working in aftermath of such cases need guidance on appropriate ways to improve a couples communication and cohesion. Therefore, this section outlines specific interventions that focus on strategies for rebuilding trust after a cyberaffair, ways to improve marital communication, and finally how to educate couples on ways to continue commitment. To achieve this goal, this paper outlines how to: (a) detect a cyberaffair, (b) improve communication and confront the cheating spouse, (c) deal with underlying issues contributing to the cyberaffair, and (d) rebuild marital trust.

Detection of a Suspected Cyberaffair:

Unlike spouses who catch their husbands or wives in open adultery, a spouse may initially enter counseling with little more than a suspicion of a partner sharing intimate words with another woman or man on a computer. In such instances, the first step is to evaluate the situation using these early warning signs as a guide in order for therapists to make more informed choices and act to intervene more swiftly and successfully.

  1. Change in sleep patterns - Chat rooms and meeting places for cybersex don't heat up until late at night, so the cheating partner tends to stay up later and later to be part of the action. Often, the partner suddenly begins coming to bed in the early-morning hours, may leap out of bed an hour or two earlier and bolt to the computer for a pre-work e-mail exchange with a new romantic partner may explain things.
  2. A demand for privacy - If someone begins cheating on their spouse, whether on-line or in real life, they'll often go to great lengths to hide the truth from their wife or husband. With a cyberaffair, this attempt usually leads to the search for greater privacy and secrecy surrounding their computer usage. The computer may be moved from the visible den to a secluded corner of his locked study, the spouse may change the password, or cloak all his or her online activities in secrecy. If disturbed or interrupted when online, the cheating spouse may react with anger or defensiveness.
  3. Household chores ignored - When any Internet user increases his time on-line, household chores often go undone. That's not automatically a sign of a cyberaffair, but in a marriage those dirty dishes, piles of laundry, and unmowed lawns might indicate that someone else is competing for the suspected person's attention. In an intimate relationship, sharing chores often is regarded as an integral part of a basic commitment. So when a spouse begins to invest more time and energy on-line and fails to keep up his or her end of the household bargain, it could signal a lesser commitment to the relationship itself - because another relationship has come between marriage.
  4. Evidence of lying - The cheating spouse may hide credit-card bills for on-line services, telephone bills to calls made to a cyberlover, and lie about the reason for such extensive net use. Most spouses lie to protect their on-line habit, but those engaging in a cyberaffair have a higher stake in concealing the truth, which often triggers bigger and bolder lies - including telling a spouse that they will quit
  5. Personality changes - A spouse is often surprised and confused to see how much their partner's moods and behaviors changed since the Internet engulfed them. A once warm and sensitive wife becomes cold and withdrawn. A formerly jovial husband turns quiet and serious. If questioned about these changes in connection with their Internet habit, the spouse engaging in a cyberaffair responds with heated denials, blaming, and rationalization. Often times, the blame is shifted to the spouse. For a partner once willing to communicate about contentious matters, this could be a smokescreen for a cyberaffair.
  6. Loss of interest in sex - Some cyberaffairs evolve into phone sex or an actual rendezvous, but cybersex alone often includes mutual masturbation from the confines of each person's computer room. When a spouse suddenly shows a lesser interest in sex, it may be an indicator that he or she has found another sexual outlet. If sexual relations continue in the relationship at all, the cheating partner may be less enthusiastic, energetic, and responsive to you and your lovemaking.
  7. Declining investment in your relationship - Those engaged in a cyberaffair no longer want to participate in the marital relationship - even when their busy Internet schedule allows. They shun those familiar rituals like a shared bath, talking over the dishes after dinner, or renting a video on Saturday night. They don't get as excited about taking vacations together and they avoid talk about long-range plans in the family or relationship. Often, they are having their fun with someone else, and their thoughts of the future revolve around fantasies of running off with their cyberpartner - not building intimacy with a spouse.



Marital Communication:

The discovery of a cheating partner is difficult for the spouse to accept. Spouses react to the cheating partner with doubt, jealousy toward the computer, and a fear that the relationship will end because of someone they never met. Furthermore, spouses often become enablers as they rationalize their partners' behavior as just a "phase" and they go to great lengths to conceal the problem from family and friends. When working directly with the couple, practitioners should assist them in basic communication skills to improve open, effective, and honest communication without blame or anger. Some general guidelines include:

    1. Set specific goals - Parameters should be established in terms of the communication goals within the counseling session. To facilitate goal setting for the non-offending spouse, a clinician should pose such questions as, "Do you just need your partner to end the cyberaffair while you still allow an occasional cybsersex dalliance, or do you want all communication with the opposite sex terminated as a solid gesture to begin rebuilding your trust?" "Are you hankering to pull the plug completely on all Internet use, and if so, are you prepared for the likely withdrawal to hit?" and "If you adopt a more modest goal of time moderation, how many hours per week would you aim for - twenty-five or five?" To facilitate goal setting for the cheating spouse, a clinician should pose such questions as, "Have you already, or will you, give up the cyberaffair?" "Are you in a position to give up the computer totally?" or "Have you considered sharing your computer experience together?" These goal-setting questions evaluate a couple's expectations related to the computer and assess their commitment to rebuild the present relationship..
    2. Use non-blaming "I" statements - The therapist should emphasize the use of nonjudgmental language that won't sound critical or blaming. If the spouse states, "You never pay any attention to me because you're always on that damn computer," the receiver will perceive it as an attack and act defensively. As is common practice, the use of "I" statements allows for open communication of feelings in a nonjudgmental manner. Therefore, clinicians should help clients rephrase statements into non-blaming language. For example, the prior statement could be rephrased as, "I feel neglected when you spend long nights on the computer" or "I feel rejected when you say you don't want to make love with me." Practitioners should help clients stay focused on the present experience and avoid the use of negative trigger words such as "always," "never," "should," or "must," that sound inflexible and invite heated rebuttal.
    3. Empathetic Listening - Help clients listen fully and respectfully. Many spouses explain that they never sought cyberaffairs but found the process happening too fast for them to see and understand. Underneath, they may be feeling guilty and truly wish to stop. Or, the cyberflings may have stirred up their own resentments about the pain over what's been missing for them in your marriage. If the offending partner tries to explain their motives for the affair, it is important to help the other partner suspend feelings of betrayal or loss of trust and listen to these explanations as openly as possible to maximize communication.
  1. Consider other alternatives - If face-to-face communication has been strained between the couple, clinicians should explore alternatives such as letter writing and even email exchanges. Letter writing provides a longer forum to allow thoughts and feelings to flow without interruption from a spouse. Reading a letter in a less charged atmosphere may allow the other person to drop their defensive posture and respond in a more balanced manner. E-mail exchanges not only offer the same freedom of interruptions as letters but also can demonstrate to the offending spouse that his or her partner doesn't view the Internet itself as entirely evil. The couple may share a laugh at the irony of taking this approach, which could open the door to a more productive face-to-face talk.

Underlying Issues:

Cyberaffairs and cybersexual encounters are typically a symptom of an underlying problem that existed in the marriage before the Internet ever entered the couple's lives. Pre-existing marital problems include: (a) Poor Communication, (b) Sexual Dissatisfaction, (c) Differences in child-rearing practices, (d) Recent relocation from support from family and friends, and (e) Financial Problems. These are common troubles for any couple. Yet, the presence of such issues will increase the risk of a cyberaffair. When two people are talking over the Internet, the conversation offers unconditional support and comfort. A cyberlover can type an empathetic message when he lives thousands of miles away, but in real-life be rude, aggressive, or insensitive to the people he meets. Yet this electronic bond can offer the fantasy of all the excitement, romance, and passion that may be missing in a current relationship. Instead of dealing with how to confront the issues hurting a marriage, people can use a cyberaffair as an easy escape from the real issues. The cyberaffair becomes a means of coping with unexpressed anger towards a partner as an outside person electronically offers understanding and comfort for hurt feelings. Therefore, it is vital that therapists thoroughly assess and directly deal with possible underlying issues that contributed to the cyberaffair.

Rebuild Marital Trust:

As with any couple struggling in the aftermath of an affair, a major goal of marital therapy is helping the couple to rebuild trust in the relationship. However, special care must be taken to examine how to focus on relationship building after a cyberaffair because of several factors.

  1. Computer Use - Cyberaffairs often happen inside the couple's home and the "cheating" partner's behavior is centralized around the computer, a tool that may also be used for non-romantic purposes such as for business or home finances. However, each time the offending partner approaches the computer for a legitimate reason, it may trigger feelings of suspicion and jealousy for the spouse. The therapist must help couple evaluate how the computer will be used at home so that they can establish reasonable ground rules such as supervised computer use or moving the computer into a public area of the family home.
  2. Psychoeducation - The practitioner should also provide psychoeducational consultation for the couple to help remove the typical rationalizations exhibited by the offending partner and to help the spouse understand the motives leading up to the cyberaffair. The cheating partner may not have purposely gone on the Internet to look for someone else, but the online experience afforded an opportunity to form intimate bonds with fellow on-line users, which quickly escalated to erotic chat and passionate conversations. The cheating partner often rationalizes the behavior as just a fantasy, typed words on a screen, or that cybersex isn't cheating because of the lack of physical contact. Therapists should be careful not reinforce these rationalizations and focus on ways for the cheating partner to take responsibility for their actions.This is an important element in therapy if the couple is to rebuild honesty and trust in their relationship.
  3. Renew Commitment - Finally, the therapist should help the couple evaluate how the cyberaffair has hurt the relationship and help formulate relationship-enhancing goals that will renew commitment and improve intimacy between the couple. To help the couple renew commitment, the therapist must stress forgiveness. Care should also be taken to evaluate the types of activities the couple used to enjoy before the Internet and encourage them to engage in those events once again. Finally, inventions, which focus on a couple's weekly progress and how couples can use the Internet together for sexual enhancement, should be explored.

 




Conclusion

This paper examines the powerful potential of romantic and sexual relationships on-line to negatively impact once stable marriages. The warning signs of a cyberaffair are outlined, with specific behavioral changes in relation to computer usage being most consistent indicators of online infidelity. Couples with pre-existing problems may be most at risk, especially as the ease of idolizing of these on-line relationships will negatively distort perceptions of marital intimacy and exacerbate pre-existing difficulties. To help repair marital commitment and trust, practitioners need to focus more carefully on the role of the computer and its implications for treatment with such couples on the verge of Cyber-divorce.

next:Cyber-Disorders: The Mental Health Concern for the New Millennium
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References

    1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (4th ed.) Washington, DC: Author
    2. Brenner, V. (1997). The results of an on-line survey for the first thirty days. Paper presented at the 105th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, August 18, 1997. Chicago, IL.
    3. Griffiths, M. (1996). Technological addictions. Clinical Psychology Forum. 76, 14-19.
    4. Griffiths, M. (1997). Does Internet and computer addiction exist? Some case study evidence. Paper presented at the 105th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, August 15, 1997. Chicago, IL.
    5. Morahan-Martin, J. (1997). Incidence and correlates of pathological Internet use. Paper presented at the 105th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, August 18, 1997. Chicago, IL.
    6. Quittner, John. "Divorce Internet Style," Time, April 14, 1997, p. 72.
    7. Scherer, K. (1997). College life online: Healthy and unhealthy Internet use. Journal of CollegeDevelopment, 38, 655-665.
    8. Shotton, M. (1991). The costs and benefits of "computer addiction." Behaviour and Information Technology. 10(3), 219-230.
    9. Young, K. S. (1997a). What makes on-line usage stimulating? Potential explanations for pathological Internet use. Paper presented at the 105th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, August 15, 1997. Chicago, IL.
    10. Young, K. S. (1997b). The relationship between depression and Internet addiction. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 1(1), 24-28.
    11. Young, K. S. (1998a) Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder.CyberPsychology and Behavior, 1(3), 237-244.
    12. Young, K. S. (1998b). Caught in the Net: How to recognize the signs of Internet addiction and a winning strategy for recovery. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    13. Young, K. S. (1999a) The Evaluation and treatment of Internet addiction. In L. VandeCreek & T. Jackson (Eds.). Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book (Vol. 17; pp. 1-13). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
    14. Young, K.S. (1999b). Cybersexual Addiction. http://www.netaddiction.com/cybersexual_addiction.htm


next: Cyber-Disorders: The Mental Health Concern for the New Millennium
~ all center for online addiction articles
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APA Reference
Staff, H. (2008, December 13). Cybersex and Infidelity Online: Implications for Evaluation and Treatment, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2024, May 19 from https://www.healthyplace.com/addictions/center-for-internet-addiction-recovery/cybersex-and-infidelity-online

Last Updated: June 24, 2016

Eating Disorders: Analyzing Female Bulimics

You analyzed their what?

A study found that female bulimics retain about 1,200 calories after binging and vomiting, no matter how much food they consume or how often they throw up. Read more.Summary: Cites research by scientists at the University of Pittsburgh which found that female bulimics retain about 1,200 calories after binging and purging no matter how much food they consume or how often they throw up. Speculation the stomach and bowel may absorb and process food at a fixed rate; Possibility vomiting may be triggered when the body's satiety center signals a certain number of calories have been absorbed by the bloodstream; Other possibilities.

Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimics, take note: It's physically impossible to purge yourself of all the goodies gobbled up during a typical binge session. But, as many bulimics already know, regurgitation seems to be an efficient way of eliminating most bingefest damage. Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh measured the caloric content of vomitus from female bulimics and found that they retain about 1,200 calories after binging and vomiting--no matter how much food they consume or how often they throw up. Explanation: The stomach and bowel may absorb and process food at a fixed rate, limiting the total possible caloric intake, reports Walter H. Kaye, M.D., in the American Journal of Psychiatry (Vol. 150, No. 6). Alternatively, vomiting may be triggered when the body's satiety center signals a certain number of calories have been absorbed by the bloodstream. Yet why do bulimics binge and purge at all? No one knows, says Kaye, but the behavior may be an unconscious attempt to counter lower metabolic rates, common in women with bulimia.

next: Eating Disorders: From Thinness to Godliness
~ eating disorders library
~ all articles on eating disorders

APA Reference
Tracy, N. (2008, December 13). Eating Disorders: Analyzing Female Bulimics, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2024, May 19 from https://www.healthyplace.com/eating-disorders/articles/eating-disorders-analyzing-female-bulimics

Last Updated: January 14, 2014

Sex Therapy: Table of Contents

APA Reference
Staff, H. (2008, December 13). Sex Therapy: Table of Contents, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2024, May 19 from https://www.healthyplace.com/sex/psychology-of-sex/sex-therapy-toc

Last Updated: April 9, 2016

Depression in Racial / Ethnic Minorities

Depression in minorities - Asian/Pacific Islander, African American, Native American, or of Hispanic origin - is less frequently diagnosed and treated. Here's why.

Minorities With Depression Face Barriers To Getting Help

Because of shifts in the US population, by the year 2010, approximately 33% of the US population is expected to be Asian/Pacific Islander, African American, Native American, or of Hispanic origin. Higher levels of poverty and relatively lower levels of education among ethnic/racial minority groups may place some members of those groups at significant risk for mental health problems.

In addition, cultural and language barriers and lack of awareness by primary care physicians in identifying mental illness, especially for ethnic/racial minorities, make it difficult for some to access the US health care systems. Low rates of health care insurance among minorities are complicating factors. There is a serious gap between the need for mental health and substance abuse treatment and their accessibility or availability to minorities.

  • Primary care physicians are less likely to detect mental health problems, including depression, among African American and Hispanic patients than among whites.
  • Women who are poor, on welfare, less educated, unemployed and from ethnic/racial minority populations are more likely to experience depression.
  • Ethnic/racial minorities were less likely to receive treatment for depression in 1997. Of adults who received treatment, 16% were African American, 20% Hispanic, and 24% white.
  • Ethnic/racial minorities were less likely to receive treatment for schizophrenia in 1997. Of adults who received treatment, 26% were African American, 39% were white; figures for Hispanics were:

US Suicide Rates Per 100,000 (1997)

  • American Indian or Alaska Native - 11.4
  • Asian or Pacific Islander - 7.0
  • Black or African American - 6.3
  • Hispanic - 6.4
  • White - 12.3

Suicide Attempts By Adolescents In Rates Per 100,000 (1997)

  • Hispanic or Latino - 2.8
  • Non-Hispanic Black or African American 2.4
  • White (non-Hispanic) - 2.0

Substance Abuse / Addiction

Data from three large national surveys estimated the prevalence of substance use, abuse and addiction within racial/ethnic subgroups.

ASIAN/PACIFIC ISLANDERS

  • The prevalence of substance use, alcohol dependence, and need for illicit substance abuse treatment among Asian/Pacific Islanders are low relative to those of the total US population.
  • The percentage of Asian/Pacific Islanders who reported being current users of illicit drugs in 1999 was 3.2%

HISPANICS

  • Mexicans and Puerto Ricans have high prevalence of illicit drug use, heavy alcohol use, alcohol dependence, and need for drug abuse treatment.
  • More than 40% of all Hispanic women in the US with AIDS contracted it through injecting drugs.

NATIVE AMERICANS

  • Native Americans have very high prevalence of past-year substance use, alcohol dependence, and need for illicit drug abuse treatment.
  • The percentage of American Indian/Alaskan natives who reported being current users of illicit drugs in 1999 was 10.6%

AFRICAN AMERICANS

  • The majority of AIDS cases among African American women and children are attributable to alcohol or illicit drug use.
  • The percentage of African Americans who reported being current users of illicit drugs in 1999 was 7.7%

Depression in minorities - Asian/Pacific Islander, African American, Native American, or of Hispanic origin - is less frequently diagnosed and treated. Here's why.Risk factors for substance abuse are the same across cultures. Therefore, all people who fall into the following groups are at risk regardless of racial/ethnic subgroup. Unfortunately, ethnic/racial minorities are more likely to have such risk factors and may be at greater risk for substance abuse and addiction.

Risk factors include low family income, residence in the Western U.S., residence in metropolitan areas with populations greater than 1 million, tendency to use English rather than Spanish, lack of health insurance coverage; are unemployed, have not completed high school, have never been married, reside in households with fewer than two biological parents, have relatively high prevalence of past-year use of cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drugs.

next: Examining Depression Among African-American Women From a Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Perspective
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APA Reference
Tracy, N. (2008, December 13). Depression in Racial / Ethnic Minorities, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2024, May 19 from https://www.healthyplace.com/depression/articles/depression-in-racial-ethnic-minorities

Last Updated: July 10, 2017

Will I Ever Have Sex Again?

MANY SISTERS (AND BROTHERS!) AREN'T "GETTING ANY." ONE WRITER REFLECTS ON HER CELIBATE STATUS--AND SHARES THE SURPRISING LESSONS SHE'S LEARNED ABOUT THE TRUE NATURE OF PASSION AND SEXUALITY

Like folks of a certain age who can tell you exactly where they were the day President Kennedy or Martin Luther King, Jr., was shot, I remember to the day and year the last time I had sex: March 8, 1996, the night my ex took me to a fiftieth-birthday party in a neighboring state. He had been trying to get back into the mix ever since we'd broken up three months before. So when I asked him to do me a favor and drive me to the party (I hate driving long distances at night), I knew I'd have to, as writer E. Lynn Harris puts it in his novels, "give up the drawers" to thank him. Had I known then that that particular night could possibly turn out to be the last time I experienced anything resembling sex, I might have been a lot more thankful.

Now, unlike a number of sisters who say they occasionally take vows of celibacy in order to regroup or tap into their higher nature, my thinking on the subject has always run like that of my friend Jimmy, who once observed, "I tried celibacy. It was the longest hour of my life." Hello!

Four Years and Counting

This current drought of nearly four years is the longest I've gone without sex (except for the time I went 19 years). And sometimes I wonder if I'll end up like the doddering 90-year-old I read about who was having brunch with her great-granddaughter at the Plaza Hotel one Sunday and suddenly blurted out for all to hear: "I haven't had sex since 1952!" Could this be my future? To be a quarter of the way into the new millennium, muttering to strangers on the subway platform: "I haven't had sex since the mm of the century."

I exaggerate, of course, but not a lot. The truth is, most women will spend a good part of their lives alone--as either divorcees, widows or never-marrieds who statistically outlive the guys by about six years. This means they will not be sleeping next to a warm body at night--except perhaps their eat; they will not be having sex on a regular or even irregular basis; and they, in all probability, will not be talking about it. Married women are not immune to forced celibacy, either. Those caring for sick husbands, for instance, or hanging with physically unavailable ones (think Winnie and Nelson Mandela, the early years) or simply remaining in stale, loveless marriages; these women often lead long lives without sex.


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Even the vamp diva Cher recently confessed it's been six years since she's had a lover. For women like me and Cher who are of a certain age--namely, far on the other side of 40--the prospects diminish considerably with each advancing year, since the men of a certain age are usually married, dead, impotent or chasing women half their age. But more and more younger, attractive and unattached women also find themselves now living lives without sex.

It's been three years and still counting for Monica Errols (we've changed some names to protect privacy), a 32-year-old graduate student whose last sexual encounter was right before her twenty-ninth birthday. "I had a six- or seven-year history of long-term relationships and had just broken up with an African I was seeing during a three-month period when I lived in Paris," she says. "After it ended, I was very reluctant about getting into a long-term relationship without marriage. I decided I wasn't interested in sex."

What Monica really means is that she wasn't interested in casual sex. She had actually tried that once, shortly after breaking up with a boyfriend she learned was cheating on her. "I didn't understand how anyone could be casual about sex, so I decided to try it myself and see," she says. "I didn't like it." Monica defines casual sex as "having a purely sexual relationship with someone you lust after" within a week or less of having met. "It's not me," she says of the experience.

Nor was Monica interested in marriage at the time, which was why she could somewhat cavalierly say she was no longer interested in sex. Easier said than felt, however. "Initially, I was very, very horny," she admits. "I'm an attractive, young, vibrant woman, and my sexuality is a healthy part of who I am. Good sex is important to me. The thought of never having it again ... Well, it would make me feel anxious, to say the least."

And how does such a thought make a man feel? Yes, men, too, lead lives without sex--and not just men who are incapacitated or incarcerated--but handsome, professional, buffed-bod men like Brian Fuller, a 39-year-old vice-president at a publishing company who reports that it's been a whole six months since he's last had sex. "For me, that's an eternity," he says. "And I've had sex maybe only three times in the past two years." Each time was with his wife, from whom he has been separated for two years. And each time the sex represented his attempt at reconciliation. He simply can't imagine never having sex again. "The only way I could imagine that would be if I never saw a woman again. I think about sex and women all the time."

Of course, Brian, who's attractive and a self-avowed lover of women, will surely have sex again--once he's available. His issue is what to do about now. Separated or not, he considers himself still married, and as a brother who never cheated on his wife during their 13 years of marriage, having sex while still married is problematic. "The problem for me is that I want my sex without guilt. I like sex--in fact, I love it. And I like getting lots of it, and I like getting it frequently. It's just that I don't like getting lots of it frequently with lots of people. The irony--it's the thing that tends to make me attractive to women--is that I'm basically a nice guy who wouldn't dog anybody. So if you're married, even separated, engaging in an affair outside of marriage contradicts that. I mean, there's no such thing as a nice dog. If I want sex so bad with someone else, then I need to get out of my marriage."

Yet even straight, attractive, single and available Black men--believe it--are home alone, in bed alone. Earl Towers, a 42-year-old owner of a new catering business who hasn't had sex for several months, says he doesn't have the time or the money to court a woman right now, as he's trying to make a go of his business. Most men who want a quality relationship with a woman, which by their definition usually also means quality sex, know they have to bring something to the table (like time and money) to woo and keep a woman. "I think by the start of the millennium--yes, I should be ready by then," Earl says with a grin. "I'll be taking applications for a woman. I want to get married and have me some babies."

This last comment gets to the heart of what sex, or the lack thereof, really means to most people: intimacy, companionship, marriage and family. There are few statistics on who, at any given time, is having or not having sex. Still, one can speculate. And based on my own limited investigation on the subject, I'd say a whole lot more people than you might think (men, we see, as well as women) aren't doing it much, if at all. But is this really new or even news? I don't think so. There have always been people--and not just priests, nuns, the infirm or the imprisoned who, for reasons as varied as humankind, are not sexually active. In fact, it wasn't all that long ago that single women weren't even supposed to be thinking about sex, much less having it.


The Age of Eros

But by the mid-sixties, with the ascent of the Pill (and other drugs), a "sexual revolution" exploded on the American scene with all the force and passion of a national wet dream. We suddenly became a nation urged to "make love, not war;" to find our G spots; achieve the big O; and just do it, if it feels good. Today whether it's gyrating hoochie mamas on music videos or a magazine's running yet another sex survey or guide, the overriding sentiment is that if you aren't getting some, asking for some, thinking about getting some or learning how to ask and then get some, there is something wrong--with you. Sex, like riding at the front of the bus, has now become a civil right.

Well, this is all just a crock, contends ESSENCE columnist Gwendolyn Goldsby Grant, Ed.D., a psychologist and certified sex counselor and the author of The Best Kind of Loving: A Black Woman's Guide to Finding Intimacy (HarperPerennial). "The problem," she says, "is that we believe sex is only one thing: an erect penis and a pulsating vagina. Everybody buys into this Pavlovian concept of sex. That's pitiful. That's just foolishness, because we're having sex all the time. To be alive is to have sex. Sexual intercourse is just one grain of sand on the whole beach of sexuality. But we think if you don't find this little grain, you ain't got it."

According to Grant, sexuality, which we all possess and express--whether it's raising our voice in song, dancing to the beat of reggae or salsa, writing poems, decorating our homes, giving a kick-ass speech or just doing that sister stroll down the street--is the energy released in the act of creating art, displaying style or simply thinking and being. "Why do we love romantic music so much?" asks Grant. "Because the music is an expression of the creative sexual self. When you're dancing, the music stimulates the libido. Whoever created it was creating it out of his or her sexual self. Otherwise, you wouldn't feel it. Great musicians and painters put their sex in their art or their music. The largest sexual organ you have is your brain--what's between your ears, not your legs."

The Need Behind the Deed

Why, then, such a focus on those erect and pulsating body parts in the lower regions? Why this drive for the sex act? The first thing to get straight, adds Grant, is that sex is not the same type of drive as hunger or thirst. Man (as well as woman) does not have to have sex or intercourse to live. What we all do need can be summed up in two words: human touch. And as Grant puts it, "You think you need intercourse, when what you need is a hug. Sex is touch, and my recommendation for all the people who think they're not getting sex is to give or receive two or three hugs a day."


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If our focus has become stuck on the sex act, or what Grant calls "one little event that lasts about 30 seconds," it's because we've come to confuse intercourse with intimacy. Interestingly, the people who seem to have the clearest handle on the difference between the two are the very ones who aren't having sex, or rather aren't having sexual intercourse.

For instance, Monica, the grad student who hasn't had sex for three years, said that--after her initial period of being horny--she didn't miss sex much during the first year of school because all her energy was going into her studies. "I was studying, learning and so consumed by what I was doing that I wasn't thinking about sex," she says. She did continue to be involved with an ex-boyfriend during this time, however, talking with him on the phone but not having sex. What mattered: having someone on the other end of the line who cared and provided emotional support during that tough first year of studies.

Similarly, Brian noted that recently a woman friend whose mother had just died came to visit him for a weekend. "There was lots of sexual tension. I slept on the couch, she slept in my bed, and there were times I didn't think we were going to make it through the weekend without having sex. But in a way, I didn't need it. I mean, we hung out, we held hands, I bought her some shoes because it was her birthday. She probably would have caved in if I had pressed her for sex, but what she really needed was to feel cared for, loved and special. And I did that. It's frustrating, because sometimes I feel intense loneliness. But the loneliness is not rooted in the lack of sex. It's rooted in the lack of companionship that comes with sex."

This is the great loss we all fear: to be alone without companionship, intimacy or love. The mistake too many of us make is thinking that sex equals all of the above. Sometimes it does. But many times it does not. So to the question "Will I ever have sex again?" the short answer is yes. If sex is all you want. Because having sex is easy. You can have self-sex through masturbation (perfectly respectable and reasonable, says Grant, who acknowledges that humans do occasionally need to be relieved the pulsating and erect way); you can have casual sex, freaky sex, thank-you sex. But what most of us who aren't having sex are holding out for is sex within an intimate, loving and compatible relationship. In other words, good sex. Always a trickier proposition.

Nathalie Norton, a singer, dancer and image consultant just shy of 50, is clear about what good sex means at this stage of her life. She has been married and divorced and has raised a son--and still has the men hitting on her. But is she having sex? No. At least not in the traditional pulsating way. "Too many men today haven't matured beyond wanting to conquer women sexually," she says. "Even men in their fifties want a conquest. Well, I'm almost 50, and I'm not about to be anybody's conquest. I'm looking for a spiritual relationship with someone who can grow with me. It's about blending energies, mental as well as physical. And I don't feel like `Woe is me' because I don't have a man. Maybe I'm never going to have a man again. This is a new paradigm for women, and it's still being invented. I have to learn to be comfortable as a single woman who might not have sex."

Nathalie does, however, have the kind of love, intimacy and companionship that stems from having family,. good friends--both men and women--and work she has a passion for. She is also on great terms with her own higher self. "Here I am on the phone, talking to you from my home-based business," she says, laughing. "I'm walking around my living room buck-naked, got a rag tied around my head, just did my laundry. And I have a great sense of celebration because I feel liberated. I've worked hard to get to this point. To be me on my own terms. To be so comfortable in my own skin that I can do my life the way I choose." And that, after all is said and done, is sex at its best.

Audrey Edwards is a contributing writer for ESSENCE and is also senior editor at More magazine.

* In "Will I Ever Have Sex Again?" (page 94), ESSENCE contributing writer Audrey Edwards explores the experience of sexual dry spells. "The good news is, it's not the end of the world. It could be a whole new way of looking at life," she says.

next: Tried-And-True Remedies For Bad Sex

APA Reference
Staff, H. (2008, December 13). Will I Ever Have Sex Again?, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2024, May 19 from https://www.healthyplace.com/sex/good-sex/will-i-ever-have-sex-again

Last Updated: August 25, 2014

Practical Exercises Index

Couple in bed

Try these at home!

These exercises use techniques employed by sex therapists to help people get the most from their sex life. Some are to be done on your own and some with a partner - and the idea is to have fun!

APA Reference
Staff, H. (2008, December 13). Practical Exercises Index, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2024, May 19 from https://www.healthyplace.com/sex/enjoying-sex/practical-exercises-index

Last Updated: June 23, 2019